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There are two types of petrodiesel fuels (made from petroleum). Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) is a diesel fuel which has a maximum of 15 ppm (parts per million) sulfur. This is a significant reduction in sulfur content versus the previous generation of diesel fuel, Low Sulfur Diesel (LSD), which contains up to 500 ppm sulfur. The change to ULSD is responsive to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations, which mandate this reduction in sulfur levels to improve air quality. All diesel engine vehicles can use ULSD; however, beginning with the 2007 model year, new diesel engine vehicles require the use of ULSD for proper operation.

How will diesel fuel properties, other than sulfur, change?

Changes will occur in terms of lubricity, energy content and cetane number.

Lubricity: The processing required to reduce sulfur to 15 ppm also removes naturally-occurring lubricating agents. To manage this change, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) adopted the lubricity specification defined in ASTM D975 for all diesel fuels. The standard went into effect January 1, 2005.

Energy Content: In general, the processing required to reduce sulfur to 15 ppm also reduces the aromatics content and density of diesel fuel, resulting in a reduction in energy content (BTU/gal). A 1% reduction is expected, which may affect mpg.

Cetane Number: In general, the processing required to reduce sulfur to 15 ppm also reduces the aromatics content resulting in an increase to the cetane number.

How will I know which pumps are dispensing utra low sulfur diesel?

Federal regulations require that all diesel fuel pumps be labeled to specify the type of fuel dispensed (except in California, where all diesel must be ULSD by June 1, 2006). Similar instrument panel and fuel inlet/fill cap labeling is being mandated for 2007 and later model year vehicles that require ULSD.

Will ULSD have a different color?

The natural color of diesel fuels has traditionally varied from colorless to amber. As refinery processing of the diesel fuel increases to remove sulfur, the color tends to get lighter and the diesel can change color. When it changes color the diesel is typically light in tone and can be green, orange or pink.

Will I be able to find low-sulfur diesel fuel for older vehicles?

Beginning with model-year 2007, diesel-powered highway vehicles must use ULSD. Owners of 2006 and earlier model-year diesel vehicles may use ULSD or low-sulfur diesel during the transition period. Starting Dec. 1, 2010, only ULSD will be available for on-highway use.

Can I blend kerosene with ULSD?

Yes, but only ultra-low-sulfur kerosene (No. 1 diesel with no more than 15 ppm sulfur). There are many kerosene formulations on the market, so be careful to choose one with a maximum of 15 ppm sulfur. Blend rates will remain the same as with low-sulfur diesel fuel.

Will USLD be more expensive?

Probably. No one can predict with certainty the price of ULSD fuel at the pump. Many factors affect the consumer price of fuels, including the price of crude oil on the global market, geopolitical, weather, transportation and economic events, as well as supply and demand.

How will it affect the power and fuel economy of existing equipment?

Under typical operating conditions, there should be no noticeable impact on overall power using ULSD fuel. Fuel economy may be reduced slightly because the process that removes sulfur also can reduce the energy content of the fuel.

Will ULSD affect performance?

Engine and vehicle manufacturers expect ULSD to be fully compatible with the existing fleet, including 2006 and earlier model year vehicles. In some instances, however, the introduction of ULSD fuel to older vehicles may affect fuel system components or loosen deposits in fuel tanks. As part of a good maintenance program, owners and operators of existing trucks and buses are encouraged to monitor their diesel-powered vehicles closely for potential fuel system leaks or premature fuel filter plugging during the changeover to ULSD fuel.

What if I use current fuel in '07 trucks?

Diesel-powered engines for 2007 and later model year highway vehicles are designed to operate only with ULSD fuel. Using anything else will reduce the efficiency and durability of engines, permanently damage advanced emissions control systems, reduce fuel economy and possibly prevent the vehicles from running at all. Manufacturer warranties are likely to be voided by improper fuel use. Also, burning low-sulfur diesel in 2007 and later model-year diesel-powered trucks and buses is illegal and punishable with civil penalties.

Will I need to use a fuel additive?

Like low-sulfur diesel, ULSD fuel requires good lubricity and corrosion inhibitors to prevent unacceptable engine wear. As necessary, additives to increase lubricity and to inhibit corrosion will be added to ULSD prior to its retail sale. With these additives, ULSD is expected to perform as well as low-sulfur diesel.

Four advantages of a diesel engine over a gasoline engine:

Efficiency: They burn less fuel to generate a given amount of horsepower. They are 20 – 30% more efficient than a gas engine.

Engine Durability: Because a diesel engine must be built heavier to withstand the pressure within the engine, it can be expected to run many hours longer than its gas counterpart.

More Lugging Power: Torque rise under load is an inherent characteristic of diesel engines.

Less Pollution: The exhaust from a diesel engine, although more visible at times, contains low levels of toxic elements harmful to people. What you do see in diesel smoke are particulates, carbon and soot.

Name three differences between a gas and a diesel engine:

Type of fuel it uses: Diesel fuel is a less volatile fuel than gasoline but possesses a greater number of BTU's per gallon. As a result, more total horsepower is obtained from a gallon of diesel than a gallon of gas.

Type of Ignition: The fuel and air mixture in a gas cylinder is ignited by a spark. In a diesel engine, the mixture is ignited by the heat from compression.

Fuel and air mixing: In a gas engine, the fuel and air mix takes place in the carburetor and the intake manifold and the fuel is ignited by a spark plug. In a diesel engine the diesel fuel is mixed with compressed air when the fuel is injected into the cylinder. Because air heats up when it's compressed, the fuel ignites.

Why are diesel trucks harder to start when it's cold than a gasoline truck?

The fuel is ignited using compressed air that is hot. When it's cold out, it takes longer for the temperature to rise. The cylinders take longer to heat up as well. Some engines have glow plugs or intake heaters to assist in creating heat to improve cold starts.

Diesel fuel gets thicker when it's cold, there is more contamination in diesel fuel and it can actually freeze.

What can be done to improve the starting and run ability of my diesel truck during cold spells?

• Before the cold season, have the glow plugs or intake heater checked for proper operation.
• Have the block heater checked for proper operation and plug in the truck whenever feasible.
• Treat the fuel in the tank with a diesel fuel supplement that prevents gelling and boosts Cetane. Even treated fuel from the pump is not enough for severe cold.
• Assure the truck batteries are good and the charging system is working.
• Start with a fresh fuel filter and replace fuel filters often.

Why are oil changes so much more important to your diesel engine than the gas one?

The primary purpose of engine oil in a gas engine is lubrication. Oil in the diesel engine not only lubricates, but it cools the engine and cleans the carbon away from the pistons and the liners. The key to diesel engine longevity is oil changes every 3000 miles on the nose!

Why are fuel filter changes so much more important for a diesel engine than a gas engine?

The fuel filter in a diesel engine separates water out of the diesel fuel. Excessive build-up of water in the filter can cause freezing in the fuel system, can cause the vehicle to be hard to start, to die-in-flight or run poorly. It is recommended that the fuel filter be changed every 6,000 miles (every other oil change). In the winter when the temperatures are low, the filter should be changed every oil change. This will help prevent fuel jelling.

What other maintenance items should be done periodically?

A valve adjustment, also known as an “overhead” should be done every 60,000 miles on some engines to assure maximum performance.

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